Hurricanes

Hurricanes affecting the United States usually begin as late summer storms over Africa or the Caribbean Sea/gulf of Mexico. Cyclonic storms in west Africa move onto the Atlantic Ocean in the equatorial region and are blown west-ward by the trade winds. Moving over warm water (at least 80F), surrounded by warm and humid air, and with weak upper-level winds, a cyclonic circulation can build toward hurricane strength (74 mph and highter). Surface winds converge at the core (eye) of the hurricane and race upward, releasing latent heat. Nearing the Western Hemisphere and moving into higher latitudes, hurricane paths veer right (coriolis effect) and commonly hit the United States. Much damage and many deaths can result when the large mound of seawater beneath the hurricane eye surges on land at heights over 20ft.

Ocean waves do not travel as a physical mass like streams on land Rather, ocean waves are pulses of energy moving through the water body, causing water particles to rotate in place, similar to the passage of seismic waves.

Most waves are created by winds blowing across the water surface. The height of a wave depends on wind velocity, length of time the wind blows, length of water the wind travels across, and consistency of wind direction. On rare occasions, the various waves moving through the ocean will briefly synchronize and produce rogue waves up to 34-m (112_ft) high.

The distance between successive waves is the wavelength, and the time for two waves to pass a common point is the period. Ocean or lake waves cause orbital motion in water to depths of one-half wavelength. Velocity of waves in miles per hour is approximately 3.5 times the wave period in seconds.

When a wave moves into shallow water, its base is slowed by friction with the sea floor. When waves slow, their lengths decrease and their heights grow. When the height-to-wavelength ratio reaches about 1:7, a wave topples forward as a breaker.

In summer, waves have shorter heights and lesser lengths, causing sand to be pushed onto beaches. During winter, the backwash from taller waves, separated by greater wavelengths, drags beach sand offshore to be stored as submarine sandbars. Beach sand provides excellent protection for coastlines under heavy wave attack. Loose sand grains absorb tremendous amounts of wave energy, then quickly fall back into place.

A wave approaching a coastline that has different water depths will refract or bend as the wave portion in shal-lower water slows more than the portion in deeper water. When waves strike the beach at an angle, they create a long-shore current that carries beach sand along the coastline as a “river of sand”. Many beaches and where the sand pours into submarine canyons and flows downslope into deep water.

Humans have major effects on the coast. We build dams across rivers that prevent sand from reaching the beaches and mine tremendous quantities of sand to make concrete and glass. This results in reduced volumes of beach sand, which allows greater wave attack on sea cliffs, where expensive buildings commonly are built. Humans build groins, jetties, and breakwaters to try to control waves and sand movement, and we place riprap and concreate walls to try to stop wave attack.

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Natural disaster

Most of the death and destruction from natural disasters comes via severe weather.

Solar radiation is received in abundance between 32 N and 34S latitudes. Much of this heat is transferred in water vapor by winds moving aloft toward the poles. Cold polar air is dense and flows equatorward. The midlatitudes are the transfer zone between the equatorial and polar air masses; they have the most severe weather.

Where tropical air in the heat-expanded troposphere meets the cold, compressed polar air, a west-to-east high-level air flow exists-the fast- moving, polar-front jet stream. The position of the polar jet migrates across the united States with the seasons. In the summer, it is over Canada: in the winter, it is near the Gulf of Mexico. The polar jet stream plays a large role in moving heat and air masses and is involved in many severe weather situations.

The paths of large, moving air and water masses are deflected by the force of the Earth’s rotation. In the Northern Hemisphere, moving masses veer to their right, in the direction of movement; this is the Coriolis effect. In the Southern Hemisphere, moving objects veer to their left.

Water has a remarkable ability to absorb and release heat. Energy is absorbed in water vapor during evaporation (latent heat of vaporization) and released during precipitation. Energy is absorbed in liquid water during melting latent heat of vaporization) and released during precipitation. Energy is absorbed in liquid water during melting (latent heat of fusion) and released during precipitation as snow.

Air masses vary in their temperature and water-vapor content. Different air masses do not readily mix; they are separated along boundaries called fronts. Much severe weather occurs along fronts.

Rotating air bodies create some of the most severe weather via thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. In the Northern Hemisphere, rotation is counterclockwise as cyclonic circuation. Cyclones have a low-pressure core, so surface winds flow inward toward toward the core, feeding a large updraft of rising air that cools to form clouds and sometimes rain. Many of the largest cyclonic circulations are linked to troughs (large bends concave toward the North Pole) in the polar jet stream. Intense cyclones a few miles across can be thunderclouds commonly producing heavy rain, lightning, thunder, and hail, and sometimes spinning off even smaller-radius cyclones-tornadoes. The smaller the redius of a rotating air mass, the faster its wind speeds. Tornado winds can exceed 300 mph.

Heat waves are silent killers that prey on the elderly. Droughts are years of rainfall shortage. In the central United States, droughts have resulted from high-pressure ridges (large bends convex toward the North Pole) in the polar-front jet stream that foster anticyclonic circulation. An anticyclone rotates clockwise with dry air descending down its core, warming further, and evaporating moisture from the lands below.

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Space Debris

Space debris colliding with Earth are primarily rocky (stones), metallic (irons), or ices. Metallic or stony bodies are called meteorites if less than 100-m diameter and asteroids if greater than 100-m diameter; icy masses are comets. Irons are the most common from found by collectors because they pass through the atmosphere more readily, are more resistant to weathering, and are more easily recognized. Impact scars are hard to find on Earth because they are destroyed by plate-tectonic actions and the agents of erosion. Conversely, the geologically dead Moon is a museum of impact scars.

Asteroids abound in a Sin-orbiting belt between Jupiter and Mars. The strong gravitational pull of the massive planet Jupiter sends collided fragments outbound on collision courses with nearby planets, including Earth.

Comets surround the Solar System in a vast envelope known as the Oort cloud. Some comets are pulled inward close to the Sun and may collide with the Sun or a Planet, as in July 1994, when the Shoemaker-levy 9 comet collided with Jupiter.

About 100,000 million meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere every 24 hours. Most are small and burn up due to atmospheric friction before reaching 35 miles above ground. Up to 1,000 tons of materials are added to Earth’s surface each day.

Meteoroids hit Earth’s atmosphere at speeds from 25,000to 70,000 mph; some are destroyed on impact, some are deflected into space, and others are slowed by friction as they pass through the atmosphere. Meteoroids weighing more than 350 tons are slowed little by the atmosphere and may hit the ground at high speeds, explode and excavate craters.

The impact of a large asteroid generates such tremendous heat and pressure that much of the asteroid and crater rock is vaporized. Rocks in the crater, and debris throw out of the crater, are broken, melted, and vaporized; minerals have new high-pressure atomic structures and include forms such as diamonds. As the initial or transient crater is emptied, the crater bottom rebounds upward, and the fractured walls slide inward toward the crater center, forming a final, enlarged crater. The crater may be 100 times wider than deep.

Life on Earth is subjected to great strees by an impact. A large asteroid impact can generate an earthquake over magnitude 11; cause widespread wildfires; create nitrous oxides in the atmosphere that fall as acid rain; and place dust in the atmosphere that blocks incoming sunlight to create “winer”. After the dust settles, water vapor and CO2 remain in the atmosphere, causing a global-warming “summer”. Additionally, if the impact occurs in the ocean, tsunami of 1-to 3-km height can occur.

About 50 house-size bodies pass between the Earth and Moon each day, but the Earth is protected by its atmosphere. It is difficult to estimate how often large bodies impact Earth because plate tectonics and erosion destroy the evidence. However, looking at the Moon’s surface indicates Earth receives a crater greater than 15-mi diameter every 1.33 million years.

Statistically, your risk of being killed by a meteoroid impact is greater than that of dying by flood or tornado. We have the ability to locate incoming meteoroids and could possibly change their paths by sending explosives or a rocket out to redirect them.

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Stretching is an effective way to achieve fitness

Cats do it sleeping or leaping. Sports persons do it as part of the compulsory routine. It’s recommended for air travelers, taught during yoga lessons, suggested before gym workouts. Most fitness programmes begin with it. Techies are asked to do it all the time.

No, it is not prayer. It is getting up and stretching your back and arms as far as they will go. For instant energizing.

Stretching is a powerful part of any exercise programme, says an advisory from the Mayo Clinic. In whatever way you choose to abuse your body in a gym-treadmilling, weightlifting, stationary biking-you need to stretch out those sore muscles before you shower. Aerobic training may lead muscles to contract and flex.

You need to unlock them for balance. So stretch.

Stretching is beneficial by itself, say doctors. It increases flexibility. Flexible muscles make tasks such as bending, lifting and catching the peak-hour city bus easy and throwing darts (paperweights?) at the boss’s picture accurate. Stretching improves the range of motion in your joints (better to kick the seat in front).

Stretching improves circulation –internal and external. Stretching promotes better posture. You can sit straight till the guy behind mumbles darkly about what he’ll do to your anatomy once outside. Stretching can relieve stress. Stretching will help prevent injury by preparing you for activity. You’ll run faster, man Stretch anytime, anywhere, unless you have a chronic condition or an injury.

In which case, consult your docor physiotherapist for the best way to stretch.

For computer users stretching is part of the prescription. Repetitive strain on the back, arms and legs is caused by bad posture and long hours of sitting or standing, says Dr. Phani Raj, consultant ortho surgeon. Incorrect computer placement, lack of eye-monitor alignment, poorly designed key-boards and chair could cause muscle tightness. Stretching will help realign the body, unravel the strain. “Make stretching a habit when you’re on long distance flights”’ says Dr. Ali, who makes the well-being of co-travellers his business. “Hanging legs for long will restrict blood flow to the calf muscles. Deep vein thrombosis is a possibility”. The economy class is economically, not ergonomically designed, he warns. “Get up every two hours to stretch your legs. If you’re hesitant to walk among snorers, munchers and movie watchers keep pedaling in your seat. Stretching on flights is a life-saver.” “A stretch rutine is a must before a dance routine,” says Rad-hika Shurajit, dancer/choreographer. “If you go on stage without warming up first, you’ll take 10 minutes to catch your breath.” The heavy foot-tapping and the half-mandi (squat) positions attack the knee joints, leaving some 90 per cent of dancers with knee and low-back problems, she says. “Do mild stretches before and stretch to cool down after the performance.” Not all of us are blessed with bodies aligned for dancing, she points out. Classical postures are difficult and may leave the body battered. “I insist that my students do exercises such as leaning forward, head roll and hand stretches-straight or in circles. Thankfully, there is more awareness about warm-up stretches now than when I started dancing.”

“Hey, I can’t do without stretching” said Vidya Pillai, snooker girl, “The pressure of the game makes muscles go stiff. You have no choice but to stretch your arms, legs and back to de-stress. You can’t chew gum decently” Back stretches and rotating arms are pretty essential when you’re playing 7 frames, she said. Players the world over concentrate, do breathing exercises. “You can also stretch your head around the neck if it doesn’t distract the opponent at the table.” Cricket or cueing, teams attend camps before tournaments to do patterned stretches. “Ideally, start the day with about of stretching and between games stretch to relax muscles.”

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The Last 10,000 Years of Human History

The long, nearly flat population curves in certainly masks a number of small-scale trends, both upward and downward. The fossil record is not rich enough to plot a detailed record, but surely at times when weather was pleasant and food from plants and animals was abundant, the human population must have risen. Conversely, when weather was harsh, food was scarce, and diseases were rampant, the human population must have fallen.

The nearly flat population growth curve began to rise more rapidly by about 8,000 years ago when agriculture became established and numerous species of animals were domesticated. The world population is estimated to have been about 8 million people by 10,000 years ago. After the development of agriculture and the taming of animals removed much of the hardship form human existence, the population growth rate is likely to have increased from about 0.0015 percent to 0.036 percent per year, yielding a net gain of 360 people per million per year. This heightened rate of population growth probably raised the number of humans to about 200 million alive at 2,000 years ago.

As humans continued to improve their ability to modify the environment with better shelter and more reliable food and water supplies, the world population grew at faster rates. From about1C.E to 1750, world population grew to about 800 million. Growth was at an average rate of 0.056 percent per year, or another 560 people were added per million per year.

The eighteenth century saw many of the intellectual advances that set the stage for the present phase of cultural change. At long last, the causes of many diseases were being recognized, and the principles of public health were being established. Advances in the medical world greatly improved the odds for the survival of individual humans through their reproductive years. No longer were many mothers and great numbers of children dying childbirth and infancy. Throughout the history of the human race, high rates of birth were required to offset high rates of infant mortality and thus maintain a viable- sized human population.

The eighteenth century saw death rates drop dramatically, but birth rates remained high and population doubling times dropped dramatically, thus population size soared. About 1810, the human population reached 1 billion; by 1925, it had grown to 2 billion; in 1960, it reached 3 billion; by 1974, it was 4 billion; by early 1987, it was 5 billion; in 1999, it reached 6 billion, and is heading toward 7 billion in 2012. Notice the continuing decline in the number of years it takes for a net gain for another I billion people on earth; the effect of exponential growth is racing ahead.

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Does the Body Have a Set Point for Weight?

The set point theory of weight maintenance espouses the notion that weight is closely regulated by the body. It proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or body fat content, which the body attempts to defend. Some research suggests that the hypothalamus monitors the amount of body fat in humans and tries to keep that amount constant over time. This regulation of body fat content is referred to as a “set point.” You have already seen in this chapter that the hormone leptin forms one communication link between adipose cells and the brain that allows for some weight regulation.

In the major studies of humans cited to support the set-point theory, volunteers who lost weight through starvation later ate in a way to regain their original weight or a little more. In addition, studies in the 1960s using prisoners with no history of obesity found it was hard for some men to gain weight. This was supported by later studies (see the previous section on thermo genesis). Also, after an illness is resolved, a person generally gains lost weight.

Sound physiological evidence also suggests that body weight tends to be regulated. If energy intake is reduced, the blood concentration of the thyroid hormones fall, and the metabolic rate slows. In addition, lower body weight decreases the energy cost of each future weight-bearing activity, and the total energy used by lean tissue falls because some of these tissues are also lost. Furthermore, the enzyme used by adipose and muscle cells to take up fat from the bloodstream (lipoprotein lipase) often increases its activity. Through these changes, the body resists further weight loss.

If a person overeats, I the short run the metabolic rate tend to increase. This causes some resistance to weight gain. People often recognize the body’s resistance to weight loss when dieting but do not think much about the resistance to weight gain after eating a big holiday meal. However, in the long run, resistance to weight gain is much less than resistance to weight loss. When a person gains weight and stays at that weight for a while, the body tends to defend the new weight.

Arguments against the set-point theory cite the fact that, during pregnancy, women slowly increase body weight and fat. Also an average person’s weight does not remain constant throughout adulthood; it usually increases slowly, at least until old age. This means that a person must be able to shift his or her set point. It is also argued that, if an individual is placed in a different social, emotional, or physical environment, weight can become markedly higher or lower and is maintained. These arguments suggest that humans, rather than having a set point determined by genetics or number of adipose cells, actually settle into a particular stable weight based on an interaction between nature and nurture influences.

In the final analysis, we must bear much of the responsibility for weight maintenance ourselves since set point is weaker in preventing weight gain than in preventing weight loss. The odds are against the likelihood that, even with a set point helping us, we can avoid creeping weight gain in adulthood without attention to this tendency.

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Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes typically begins after age 40. This is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for about 90% of the cases diagnosed in North Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders are at particular risk. The number of people affected with this form of diabetes is especially on the rise; primarily because of wide spread inactivity and obesity in our population. In fact, recently there has been a substantial increase in type 2 diabetes in children, due mostly to an increase in overweight in this population (coupled with limited physical activity). This type of diabetes is also genetically linked, but the initial problem is not with the beta cells of the pancreas. Instead, it arises with the insulin receptors on the cell surfaces of certain body tissues, especially muscle tissue. In this case, blood glucose is not readily transferred into cells, so the patient develops hyperglycemia as a result of the glucose’s remaining in the bloodstream. The pancreas attempts to increase insulin output to compensate, but there is a limit to its ability to do this. Thus, rather than insufficient insulin production, there is an abundance of insulin, particularly during the onset of the disease. As the disease develops, pancreatic function can fail, leading to reduced insulin output. Because of the genetic link for type 2 diabetes, those who have a family history should be careful to avoid risk factors such as obesity, a diet rich in animal and other solid fats, and high glycemic load foods, and inactivity. Being tested regularly for hyperglycemia is also important.

Many cases of type 2 diabetes (about 80%) are associated with obesity (especially fat located in the abdominal region), but the hyperglycemia is not directly caused by the obesity. In fact, some lean people also develop this type of diabetes. Obesity associated with oversized fat cells simply increases the risk for insulin resistance by the body, in turn increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes linked to obesity often disappears as weight is lost. Achieving a healthy weight should be a primary goal of treatment, but even limited weight loss can to better blood glucose regulation. Oral medications can also help. Some examples are medications that reduce glucose production by the liver (metformin [glucophage]), increase the ability of the pancreas to release insulin (glipizide [glucotro]), and increase the body’s response to its own insulin (rosiglitazone [avandia]). Another class of oral agents used works by delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption (acarbose [precose]). A tablet is taken with the first bite of each meal and may be combined with other therapy.(Note that pregnant women cannot use these oral medications because they will affect the blood glucose of the developing fetus.)

Sometimes it may be necessary to provide insulin injections in type 2 diabetes because nothing else is able to control blood glucose. (This eventually becomes the case in about half of all cases of type 2 diabetes.) Regular physical activity also helps the muscles take up more glucose. And a regular meal pattern, with an emphasis on control of energy intake, consumption of low glycemic load foods, with ample fiber, is important therapy. Note that nuts fulfill the last two goals. An almost daily intake of nuts was even shown to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in one recent study.) Some intake of sugar is fine with meals, but again these must be substituted for other carbohydrates, not simply added to the meal plan. Distributing carbohydrates throughout the day is also important, as this helps minimize the high and low swings in blood glucose concentrations. Moderate alcohol use is fine (one serving per day). One recent study showed that this practice substantially reduced heart attack risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Still, the person must be warned that alcohol can lead to hypoglycemia and that the person must test him- or herself regularly for this possibility. Supplemental vitamin E may also be prescribed, as was discussed for type 1 diabetes, but again the benefits of such a practice are in doubt.

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Other Medical Therapies for Cardiovascular Disease

Cholestin comes from a strain of Chinese red yeast that has been used as a natural flavoring agent and food coloring in Chinese cooking for many years. Cholestin has an active component called lovastatin, which is in the prescription drug Mevacor (a cholesterol-lowering drug approved by FDA). Cholestin has been successful in reducing blood cholesterol in numerous studies. However, currently FDA does not regulate this product based on the limitation put on FDA by Congress with regard to dietary supplements. Cholestin is labeled as a dietary supplement and can be put-chased in many stores. However, to self-prescribe cholestin as a drug in the treatment of high blood cholesterol is not recommended by many physicians, due to lack of regulation by FDA. The lack of FDA oversight means that consumers cannot be sure the dietary supplement contains the active ingredient or the amount specified on the bottle. Cholestin is also very expensive. Overall, high blood cholesterol is a serious disease that requires medical supervision. In addition, if a physician does not follow a person, how will the person know that cholestin is actually lowering blood cholesterol? For this reason, cholestin should be used in conjunction with a physician’s supervision.

FDA has approved two margarines that have positive effects on blood cholesterol levels-Benecol and Take Control. These margarines contain plant stanol/sterols, which have been researched since the 1950s for their cholesterol-lowering effects. However, it wasn’t until the mid- 1990s that researchers modified the plant stanols to be fat-soluble and found a suitable medium for consumption. The plant stanol/sterols work by binding cholesterol in the intestine, thereby decreasing absorption of cholesterol and lowering its return to the liver through enterohepatic circulation. The liver responds by taking up more cholesterol from the blood. The studies done on the cholesterol-lowering effect of these margarines have found that 2 to5 g of plant stanols/sterols per day reduces total blood cholesterol by 8 to 10% and LDL-cholesterol by 9 to 14% (similar t what is seen with some blood cholesterol-lowering drugs).

Benecol is made from plant stanols called sitostanols, which are extracted from wood pulp. This product is sold as margarine and has been added to salad dressings. Take Control is made form plant sterols called sitosterols, which are isolated from soybeans. The recommended amount for both is about 2 to 3 grams per day. Use would cost about $1.00 per day.

In people who have borderline high total blood cholesterol (between 200 and 239mg/dl), these margarines can be helpful in avoiding future drug therapy. Even though these products exhibit significant results, it is still important to follow a balanced diet low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fatty acids, as well as to exercise on a regular basis. People with high total blood cholesterol who plan to consume these margarines should inform their physicians because, if they are currently on cholesterol-lowering drug therapy, their physicians may be able to decrease the dosage. For healthy individuals with total blood cholesterol within normal limits, the use of these margarines is unnecessary, especially because their cholesterol-lowering effect is not needed and they are expensive.

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Zinc Deficiency

In a zinc deficiency, not all zinc functions decrease at the same rates. Some are impaired even in mild zinc deficiency, while others do not show a major impairment unless the deficiency becomes severe. Cell membrane functions may be the most sensitive change to a mild zinc deficiency. Still other zinc-requiring functions manage to use zinc so effectively that they operate fairly well even in a pronounced zinc deficiency. Thus, the symptoms of zinc deficiency depend a lot on its severity. The symptoms seem also to depend on what else is happening in the body at the same time, such that some zinc functions are affected mainly when zinc deficiency is combined with certain other factors (e.g., the presence of another disease or a period of rapid growth).

Linking poor health with zinc deficiency can be challenging. This is because zinc affects so many molecular processes and functions, either directly or indirectly. For example, severe zinc deficiency can affect bone growth. There are many possible reasons, including a number of zinc-dependent enzymes and hormones.

As noted at the beginning of the zinc section, severs deficiency in humans was first reported in areas of the Middle East. Symptoms included severely stunted growth, poor taste sensitivity, and impaired sexual maturation in the males.

In certain parts of the world, where economics limit food choices, the effects of zinc deficiency can be clearly seen in children. Symptoms include severe, even fatal diarrhea, poor growth, impaired vitamin A function, and high risk of pneumonia (presumably due to impaired immune function). In these same parts of the world, zinc deficiency in pregnant women may contribute to increased infant mortality and birth defects.

Besides dietary causes of severe zinc deficiency, this state can also be produced by a genetic condition where zinc absorption is impaired. This disease, acrodermatitis enteropathica, is recognizable by a skin condition that develops in infancy. The condition can be treated with supplemental zinc. Preterm infants can also show signs of zinc deficiency for the same general reason described for iron and preterm infants. However, the extent and significance of this state for zinc deficiency has not been well studied.

Marginal zinc deficiency may occur in many people, though there are still many questions to be answered. The classic example of documented marginal zinc deficiency involves a study done some time ago on a group of children in the Denver, Colorado area. The study reported that marginal zinc deficiency was responsible for impaired growth in a number of children. It is noteworthy that the marginal zinc deficiency seemed to be caused not by economic reasons, but rather due to poor food choices.

Many situations are suspected to produce marginal zinc deficiencies for various reasons. One reason can be moderately low intake, but other factors may include impaired zinc absorption, high zinc excretion, abnormal body distribution of zinc (e.g., one zinc protein absorbs high amounts of zinc), and high needs for certain zinc functions. However, in almost all of these situations, there is still uncertainty about how frequent the problem is and what symptoms result. One reason is that the symptoms may be produced by a combination of the zinc related problem plus some other factor. This makes it challenging to tease out how much zinc status is actually involved. Another major issue has been the lack of a good test for marginal in zinc defiency. Most of the tests that are used either are not sensitive to small changes in zinc status, have readings that can be affected by factors other than zinc status, require specialized equipment or expertise, or all of the above. Despite these barriers, zinc researchers are slowly making progress on marginal zinc deficiencies. A few examples of groups that may be prone to marginal zinc deficiencies are Crohn’s disease patients, people on kidney dialysis, diabetic individuals, older adults, sickle-cell anemia patients, alcoholics, and children with Down’s syndrome. Vegetarians may also be vulnerable to marginal zinc status. However, there is some contention that vegetarians adapt to low intake by reducing zinc excretion while increasing zinc absorption.

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The Vegan

A vegan diet requires some creative planning. A real effort must be made to use grains and legumes to yield high-quality protein and other key nutrients in meals especially when used with infants and children. Then, if energy needs are satisfied, protein needs should also be met. Including a wide variety of protein sources should provide all amino acids needed for a high-quality protein diet. The essential amino acids deficient in one food protein are supplied by those of another protein source consumed at the same meal or the next. For example, many legumes do not provide enough of the essential amino acid methionine, and cereals are limited in lysine. When a combination of these two foods is eaten, the body is supplied with adequate amounts of both amino acids, so cereals and legumes complement each other.

Purchasing some vegetarian cookbooks will simplify the task of menu planning. They provide numerous ideas for imaginative and nutritious ways to use plant foods. The vegan diet must also include good sources of riboflavin, vitamins D and B-12, calcium, iron, and zinc. A typical ready-to-eat breakfast cereal provides a good start in meeting those needs. Riboflavin can be obtained from green leafy vegetables, whole grains, yeast, and legumes, part of most vegan diets. A major source of riboflavin in the typical North American diet is milk, which is omitted from the vegan diet. Vitamin D can be obtained through regular sun exposure and fortified margarine. Otherwise, a supplemental source of vitamin D should be considered.

The vegon should find a reliable source of vitamin B-12, such as fortified soybean milk or ready-t-eat breakfast cereals and special yeast grown on media rich in vitamin B-12 occurs naturally only in animal foods, although plants can contain soil or microbial contamination that provides at most trace amount of vitamin B-12. Because the body can store enough vitamin B-12 deficiency is mental dysfunction; a prolonged deficiency can lead to irreversible nerve damage. Excess blood concentration of homocysteine has also been noted in vegans who underconsume vitamin B-12. This can lead to other health problems. Therefore, vegans need to be careful prevent a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

To obtain calcium, the vegan can drink fortified soy milk or fortified orange juice and consume calcium-rich tofu (check the label) or other calcium-fortified foods, such as certain ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and snacks. Green leafy vegetables and nuts also contain calcium, but the calcium is either not well absorbed or not very plentiful. Calcium supplements are another option.

For iron, the vegon can consume whole grains, dried fruits and nuts, and legumes. The iron in these foods is not absorbed as well as that found in animal foods, but a good source of vitamin C token with these foods modestly enhances iron absorption. Thus, a recommended strategy is to consume vitamin C with every meal that contains adequate iron-rich plant foods. Cooking in iron pats and skillets can also add iron to the diet.

The vegan can find zinc in whole grains, nuts, and legumes, but phytic acid and other substances in these foods limit zinc absorption. Grains are most nutritious when leavened, as in bread, because this process reduces the influence of phytic acid.

Of all these nutrients, calcium is the most difficult to consume in sufficient quantities. Special diet planning is required, as even a multivitamin and mineral supplement will not supply enough.

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Does Eating a High-Protein Diet Harm You?

People frequently ask whether the high-protein intake of adults in North America is harmful. The extra vitamin B-6, iron, and zinc that accompany protein foods are often beneficial. However, high-protein diets typically may be low in plant foods and, so, low in fiber, some vitamins (e.g., folate), some minerals (e.g., magnesium), and phytochemicals. As well these diets are typically rich in saturated fat and cholesterol, and thus do not follow the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans or the Food and Nutrition Board.

Some studies show that high-protein diets can increase calcium loss in urine. Certain types of amino acids-especially some of those rich in animal proteins-cause this effect. Based on the research to date, it is reasonable to assume that individuals who have inadequate calcium intakes are further compromising bon health by consuming excessive amounts of protein. (However, many people have calcium-deficient diets.) The increased calcium loss may also contribute to kidney stone formation in people who have a history of forming such stones. Thus such persons should not consume a high-protein diet.

Excessive intake of red meat, especially processed meats such as ham and salami, is linked to colon cancer in population studies. This link could be attributable to the protein or fat in the food products or to substances that are used during processing (e.g. nitrates/nitrites) or those that form during cooking of red meat at high temperatures (e.g. heterocyclic amines). Excessive fat intake associated with diets rich in red meat, or low-fiber intake, may also be a contributing factor. Because of this concern with red meat, some nutrition experts suggest we focus more on poultry, fish, nuts, legumes (beans), and seeds to meet protein needs. In addition, any meat should be trimmed of all visible fat before grilling.

Some researchers have also expressed the concern that a high-protein intake may unduly burden the kidneys by forcing them to excrete the resulting excess nitrogen as urea. Low-protein diets marginally slow the decline in kidney function in humans if begun early in the course of developing kidney disease, and laboratory animal studies show that protein intakes that just meet nutritional needs preserve kidney function over time better than high-protein diets. Preserving kidney function is especially important for people with diabetes, for people without diabetes or kidney disease, the risk of suffering kidney failure is very low; thus, the risk of a high-protein diet’s contributing t kidney disease (aside from kidney stones) in later life is also low.

The amino acids most likely to cause toxicity when consumed in large amounts are methionine and tyrosine. The potential for amino acid imbalances and toxicities is too great to recommend that any be taken individually as supplements. As emphasized earlier, the body is designed t handle whole proteins as a dietary source of amino acids. When individual amino acid supplements are taken, they can overwhelm the absorptive mechanism in the small intestine, triggering amino acid imbalances in the body. These imbalances occur because groups of chemically similar amino acids compete for absorption sites in the absorptive cells. An excess of one can hamper other amino acids form being absorbed. Overall, every amino acid taken in excess can be harmful. We should stick to whole foods as sources for amino acids.

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What should not have on an empty stomach

Some people feel always hungry and eat whatever is in their refrigerator. However, so many foods when it is taken on an empty stomach can be harmful to their common health. They should rightly concentrate on the morning foods and avoid certain health hazards. It is also not advisable to exercise on an empty stomach. If you want to do exercises, you really want energy. People can drink some fresh fruit and vegetable juices to fill up their stomach with zero side effects. Also some sort of foods should never go together like pickles and milk, porridge and meat loaf, pannacotta and ancochives.

We all think that we can eat whatever we like at any time. It is not correct as you think. It is a quite important to know when to eat certain foods items. Fruits are the best food that can take on an empty stomach or before your meals. They will digest easily and avoid graying hair, balding morning sickness, constipation and dark circles. Fruits like orange and lemon are not advisable to eat an empty stomach, according to doctors. If you know the secret how and when to eat, you have the secret of beauty and longevity. Then you are also cloud on nine.

One should also avoid or limit foods that high in sugar, especially on an empty stomach. Consumers today are more concerned about their eating all over the globe. But certain individuals do not concentrate on their eating habits and stick with obesity and various ailments. People should also try to avoid spicy, oily and junk foods in the early morning before breakfast. It is also big mistake to eat just before going to bed. Drinking water on empty stomach is best for all reasons. Most of the people eat a whole meal before taking pills. This will destroy or damage the medical benefits of pills. Pills or food, think twice and eat.

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Effects of honey massage

Honey massage is an amazing massage that has been introduced to the world before years. Usually it is incorporated with pure honey for general well-being. The massage is also considered to be powerful stress-relieving therapy. But the condition can be slightly painful to some individuals. So they must suffer a little to keep gorgeous. It also should be performed only once in a month. Massage therapist should be aware whether a recipient is allergy with honey. Other than that, it improved blood circulation in the tissues under the skin and muscles. Massage with honey is a good moisturizer and has a positive effect on the entire nervous system. When you comes down to honey face massage, if can correct your face wrinkles and keep you beauty.

The ill of people should consult with the health care provider before making an appointment to massage parlous. It is fun and easy to experience with the effects of honey massage. The patient who has received a honey massage will feel good even after a single procedure. Usually, honey is poured over different parts of the body that are being massaged by the massage practitioners. It is quite interesting at the end of session that the honeys will not stick to the massaged area and it will also disappear. This massage session can normally last for 30 minutes and feels healthier.

Honey massage is similar to ayurvedic medicine. The success of this type of massage therapy is based on the quality of the honey. Then only, it can clean and nourish the skin. A person with hypertension can highly benefit from practicing this massage session. As every one knows that honey has been used in the kitchen. But who knows it can be treated well for curing vegetarian-vascular dystonia, osteochondrosis and arthrosis. It is also equally good for weight reduction. If you are the person who is struggling to stop smoking, now it is a good time to walk-in massage parlous to save you and your family.

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Childhood obesity

Most of the children are obese in today’s times. The reasons behind are unhealthy food choices, lack of exercises, heredity, diseases and much more. Obesity is not advisable one especially when it comes to children. Actually, their body fat will affect their total health on well-being. It is essential to take the growing problem of childhood obesity for many reasons. It is associated with a wide range of debilitating and life threatening conditions. Recent studies estimate that 5-25 percent of children are overweight or obese in USA. Over the decades, rates of obesity in children have greatly risen all over the world.

How can you know that your children are obese. Doctors and health care practitioners can determine whether your child weight is healthy weight or normal. If they are un healthy, it is your and doctor’s duty to maintain the healthy weight of your child. Sometimes overweight and obesity is connected to social and economical life. Most of the children concentrate on sedentary activities like TV and video games but they are failed to maintain their physical fitness. They don’t know really later they will become ‘zest’ among the society.

Obesity is dangerous health condition and spread up to type 2 diabetes, eating disorders, asthma, high blood pressure, early puberty and liver disease etc. childhood obesity can also lead to several emotional disorders like behavior and learning problems, stress, anxiety, low self esteem and depression. Totally obesity or overweight can hamper their personal and academic performances. They are supposed to move on parks and theme parks and not to gyms and fitness centers.

Hence, childhood obesity can be more fatal and one must help them to combat this problem by importing them a nutritions diet, plenty of exercises and keeping them overall happy.

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How to lose weight

Everyone desires to have a fit body, especially obese people. Losing weight is not an easy task and it is a difficult one. Dieters should give up their favourite food items, following strange exercises and stick with magical pills. It is all mere of waste. One can lose their weight by simply following up healthy life style like change of food habits, avoid smoking and alcohol etc. It is reliable to avoid fried, canned, junk food items to overcome obesity. Everyone should count their calories for general well-beings. One can also set up healthy weight loss programs from efficient physicians dietitians.

Diet tips

1. Water is considered to be ‘weight loss’ drug. One can lose weight by drinking 8 glasses of pure water and avoid soft drinks.
2. Eating of many of fruits and vegetables can help overcome obesity.
3. Drinking a glass of carrot juice on a regular basis can help to shed unwanted pounds.
4. You should be wise about choosing night time snacks.
5. It is a bad habit to in a weight loss journey. Starvation can lose weight but encourage with health hazards.
6. Diet will not work to some individuals. In that case, they can freely move to physicians for weight loss assist.
7. Obese people can also concentrate on protein-rich diet. This will satisfy their hunger fast and safe. It can also burn calories such as yogurt, cheese, beans etc.
8. People can also derive diet plan from renowned physicians is the key to healthy life full of happiness and enthusiasm.

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How to make money online with articles

There are many easy ways to make money online. The all approaches can make you to earn decent income and be wealthy. The list of business opportunities are beautifully spread over the internet where you can find freelance writing jobs. If writing is passion for you now it is a perfect time to bring out poem, essays and articles from your personal diary. It is an easy and interesting job to do. There are many websites where you can find your dream freelance writing jobs. Usually, they will offer endless opportunities for freelance writing jobs. But it is essential to give up your writings that printed in high quality and originality. They will all duly check your projects.

If your are not satisfied with your monthly income, trapped in the workplace from 9-5, or obeying your boss’s commands. You can quit your job and take part in freelancing career. Online job can be more profitable than ordinary jobs. Now, it is not essential to curse your boss for taking your long-break, time you get in and the way you work. Freelance writing is the art of making money over the internet. So many of the people are using this career world wide to make thousands of dollars every month. But freelance writers should follow the strict instruction from the side of their online boss.

Housewives and college-going students are largely involved in home-based work today. It is because freelance writing gives enough time to work and no-no tension. But there is no guarantee for steady income. However it becomes more easy when you know the tricks and secrets of freelance writings thousands of people show their lack of interest in doing online jobs because it is regular ‘pay check’ money.

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The health benefits of potatoes

Potato is one of the famous vegetable in the world. It contains vitamin c, iron etc. So potatoes provide a good health for you. Its remove the all high carbohydrate foods, including pasta. It can also be a strong to build muscle and liver then the body is in good condition. Potatoes help to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. It is also good source of iron and copper too. It is also be a good for your heart in recent news. Peoples are like to eat potatoes because it is a highly nutritious vegetable in the healthy diet.

A potato can prevent stomach ulcer. So you can include potatoes in a limited proportion. A potato tuber is antispasmodic, mild anodyne, digestive remedy, diuretic and emollient. And then you have the good from minerals, iron, calcium, manganese, magnesium and health phosphorus which are presented in potatoes. Potatoes are available in potato chips, fries, snacks and many varieties are there. It can easy to digest as well. Potatoes are good for your skin. It can help to have good skin and treat, pimples and scare on the skin.

The potatoes are very effective and more energetic. The vitamin c is present by potatoes so, it is characterized by cracked lip corners, spongy and bleeding gums frequent viral infections like cold etc. You can drink potato juice per week it is a great benefits for people since vitamins A and C are present it is very powerful antioxidants. So you can eat potatoes is the key to healthy and happy life.

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The Winds

The troposphere is heated from the bottom up as the surface of the earth absorbs incoming solar radiation and emits infrared radiation. The infrared radiation is absorbed and reemitted numerous times by carbon dioxide and water molecules as the energy works its way bock to space. The overall result of this ongoing absorption and reemission process is the observed lapse rate, the decrease of temperature upward in the troposphere. The observed lapse rate is an average value, which means that the actual condition at a given place and time is probably higher or lower than this value. The composition of the surface varies from place to place, consisting of many different types and forms of rock, soil, water, ice snow, and so forth. These various materials absorb and emit energy at various rates, which results in an uneven heating of the surface. You may have noticed that different materials vary in their abilities to absorb and emit energy if you have ever walked barefooted across some combination of grass, concrete, asphalt, and dry sand on a hot sunny day.

Uneven heating of the earth’s surface sets the stage for convection. As a local region of air becomes heated, the increased kinetic energy of the molecules expands the mass of air, reducing its density. This less dense air is buoyant and is pushed upward by nearby cooler, denser air. This result in three general motions of air: (1) the upward movement of air over a region of greater heating, (2) the sinking of air over a cooler region and (3) a horizontal air movement between the cooler and warmer regions. In general, a horizontal movement of air is called wind, and the direction of a wind is defined as the direction from which it blows.

Air in the troposphere rises, moves as the wind, and sinks. All three of these movements are related, and all occur at the same time in different places. During a day with gentle breezes on the surface, the individual, fluffy clouds you see are forming over areas where the air is moving upward. The clear air between the clouds is over areas where the air is moving downward. On a smaller scale, air can be observed moving from a field of cool grass toward an adjacent asphalt parking lot on a calm, sunlit day. Soap bubbles or smoke will often reveal the gentle air movement of this localized convection.

Depending on local surface conditions, which are discussed in the next section, the wind usually averages about 16 km/kr (about 10 mi/hr) and has an average rising and sinking velocity of about 2 km/hr (about 1 mi/hr). These normal, average values are greatly exceeded during storms and severe weather events. A hurricane has winds that exceed 120 km/hr (about 75 mi/hr), and a thunderstorm can have updrafts and downdrafts between 50 and 100 km/hr (about 30 t0 60 mi/hr). The force exerted by such winds can be very destructive to structures on the surface. An airplane unfortunate enough to be caught in a thunderstorm can be severely damaged as it is tossed about by the updrafts and downdrafts.

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Easy way to earn money at home

It’s very easy to earn money at home. That may be for groceries for the month or even for some extras that we want. There are many ways to earn money in our spare time from home. You’re not going to get rich doing this, but you may be able to buy some extra things. You can make money online by starting a blog. You can write your own e-book and sell them on the internet for wise money. Playing computer online games also makes us earn money. Various on-line role playing games have their own systems of wealth that can translate to real cold cash. Learn website design and get paid by designing websites.

Search engine optimization (SEO) can be an expert in giving advice on to the various websites. You could write articles and get paid by blogging for others or by writing reviews for other websites. If you’re very good with accounting, economics or finance, you can be a guide in that area and get paid for your skill. Depending upon your hobby you can choose your job. If you are interested in taking snaps, then grab the camera and take poster-perfect pictures you can sell as postcard designs that may fetch you more. You can be a good counselor so that people can consult you and you can guide them in reaching their goal. On-line English teaching job and get to work from the comforts of your own home. If you are really very talented in predicting the future that is the skills in reading stars you can help people in understanding supernatural. But it needs patience as people would ask you to predict the winning numbers at the lottery.

Teach guitar, piano, voice, swimming lessons to kids in your spare time. Teach Japanese, Spanish or French. Sell insurance, you can earn a lot, as this is the trend now. If you are interested in gardening then you can plant some flowers and sell them. Write lovely poems and send to greeting card companies. Write some children’s stories and submit to publishers. If you are well versed in cooking then do a food catering business. Bake cookies and sell them as gift items. You can even sell the old newspapers and magazines for recycling. You can even do carpentry work, home massage. Otherwise you can be a tourist guide.

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